Faculty of Business Environment and Society Assignment

Faculty of Business Environment and Society - Assignment Example In any sector, with the increasing competitiveness of the market and changing nature of customers’ demand, change has become crucial up to a larger extent (Kramar & Syed, 2012). It will also be crucial to mention that a change in any business sector is initiated with the assistance of a systematic process that is planned and executed in an efficient manner altogether. However, it is often seen that changes are welcomed in organsaitions in a collective manner, which further affects the potential effectiveness of the proposed change. There might be various reasons that develop reluctance in employees with regard to the initiation of change within the organisations (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012). To get a conceptual understanding in this context, this particular discussion will mainly focus on analysing some recent changes in the workplace of Tesco along with comprehending the causes for their reluctance to change. The discussion will also emphasise depicting a set of recommendations to the company so that it can mitigate the resistant factors amid the employees that results in the reluctance to change. Tesco Plc is recognised as one of the leading players in the international retail sector in terms of its operational experiences as well as scale of operations worldwide. One of the major driving factors that have ensured unparalleled operational success for the company over the years is its effective approach towards dealing with the external environment (Tesco, 2014). Notably, change, as depicted above, is one of the most important aspects associated with the operations of any particular business. It is quite a stable approach in business and it rarely changes over the period. Contextually, Tesco is also aware of the constant changing nature of the external environment, which further encourages it to change its business functions accordingly

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Essay

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing - Essay Example Barnett (2002) states that effective communication is essential and will undoubtedly lead to good outcomes in assisting patients. Effective communication will lead to better management in healthcare. There are important skills that could significantly facilitate communicating with patients who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, and these skills will be discussed in this essay. B. Skills that contribute to effective hearing According to Power and Power (2004, p. 350), acquisition of communication skills enables students to work effectively as healthcare providers. Skills required to deal with particular patients depend on the individual and will vary with age. Steinberg et al. (2006, p. 262) add that the majority of those with hearing issues are elderly. They report poor health as compared to general population, an issue which is attributed to communication. Effective communication helps the deaf and those hard-of-hearing to give their medical history and have appropriate intervention. The health care provider is required to assess the deaf or hard-of-hearing person’s background, language knowledge and level of education to select the best skills to use in communication (Samady et al., 2008, p. 480). Barnett (2002) notes that the deaf or hard-of-hearing use sign language, especially if they grew up with the challenge from childhood. Some learn to use visual language such as reading of lips. Those who become deaf or hard-of-hearing in adulthood experience hardships in mastering communication skills. However, they have the advantage of having been able to speak; therefore, it becomes easier to communicate in the same language. Power and Power (2004, p. 350) reveal that a combination of verbal and non-verbal skills is required for effective communication with deaf or hard-of-hearing patients. These skills include speech reading or lip reading; writing; listening to speech; mastering a system of visual language; and visual aids or using an interpreter. For effectiv e communication, a combination of one, two or more of the skills may be necessary. Speech reading is common with people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. They learn as they grow, depending on the common language used. The major challenge with speech reading is that not all speech sounds are represented on the lips during speech. For speech reading to be successful, there should be a distance and enough light to see the lips of the speaker. The conversation should not be done in a hurry. Avoid sounds that may cause discomfort (Meador & Zazove, 2005, p. 219). Lezzoni et al. (2010, p. 356) claim that visual aids have been successfully used and can be used in the healthcare context. Healthcare providers can use diagrams, pictures or charts to make clarifications and show medical terminology. Those who can only hear will listen and only give gestures as a reply. They may nod, smile, shake hands and use other gestures to communicate. The gestures will vary depending on the community where they live. O’Hearn (2006) adds that visual aids should be clear and correctly labeled. When they are used, they should be placed close to the speaker so that eye contact is maintained. Visual language is

Marriage: One Of Societys Most Important Institutions?

Marriage: One Of Societys Most Important Institutions? Marriage, socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship. It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of societys most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs are a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. Marriage is commonly defined as a partnership between two members of opposite sex known as husband and wife. However, scholars who study human culture and society disagree on whether marriage can be universally defined. The usual roles and responsibilities of the husband and wife include living together, having sexual relations only with one another, sharing economic resources, and being recognized as the parents of their children. However, unconventional forms of marriage that do not include these elements do exist. For example, scholars have studied several cultural groups in Africa and India in which husbands and wives do not live together. Instead, each spouse remains in his or her original home, and the husband is a visitor with sexual rights. Committed relationships between homosexuals (individuals with a sexual orientation toward people of the same sex) also challenge conventional definitions of marriage. Debates over the definition of marriage illustrate its dual nature as both a public institution and a private, personal relationship. On the one hand, marriage involves an emotional and sexual relationship between particular human beings. At the same time, marriage is an institution that transcends the particular individuals involved in it and unites two families. In some cultures, marriage connects two families in a complicated set of property exchanges involving land, labor, and other resources. The extended family and society also share an interest in any children the couple may have. Furthermore, the legal and religious definitions of marriage and the laws that surround it usually represent the symbolic expression of core cultural norms (informal behavioral guidelines) and values. Although practices vary from one culture to another, all societies have rules about who is eligible to marry whom, which individuals are forbidden to marry one another, and the process of selecting a mate. In most societies, the mate-selection process involves what social scientists call a marriage market. The husband and wife come together out of a wide range of possible partners. In many non-civillized societies the parents, not the prospective marriage partners, do the shopping. In civillized societies social rules have gradually changed to permit more freedom of choice for the couple and a greater emphasis on love as the basis for marriage. A Dating, Courtship, and Engagement In societies in which individuals choose their own partners, young people typically date prior to marriage. Dating is the process of spending time with prospective partners to become acquainted. Dates may take place in groups or between just two individuals. When dating becomes more serious it may be referred to as courtship. Courtship implies a deeper level of commitment than dating does. During courtship the individuals specifically contemplate marriage, rather than merely enjoy one anothers company for the time being. Courtship may lead to engagement, also known as betrothal-the formal agreement to marry. Couples usually spend some period of time engaged before they actually marry. A woman who is engaged is known as the mans fiancà ©e, and the man is known as the womans fiancà © . Men typically give an engagement ring to their fiancà ©e as a symbol of the agreement to marry. In the past, dating, courtship, and engagement were distinct stages in the selection of a marital partner. Each stage represented an increasing level of commitment and intimacy. Although this remains true to some degree, since the 1960s these stages have tended to blend into one another. For example, modern dating and courtship often involve sexual relations. In general, people tend to date and marry people with whom they have characteristics in common. Thus, mate selection typically results in homogamous marriage, in which the partners are similar in a variety of ways. Characteristics that couples tend to share include race, ethnicity, religion, economic status, age, and the level of prestige of their parents. B Arranged Marriages Historically parents have played a major role in choosing marriage partners for their children, and the custom continues in the worlds developing countries today. Parental influence is greatest when the parents have a large stake in whom their child marries. Traditionally, marriage has been regarded as an alliance between two families, rather than just between the two individuals. Aristocratic families could enhance their wealth or acquire royal titles through a childs marriage. Marriage was also used as a way of sealing peace between former enemies, whether they were kings or feuding villagers. The most extreme form of parental influence is an arranged marriage in which the bride and groom have no say at all. In a less extreme form of arranged marriage, parents may do the matchmaking, but the young people can veto the choice. Some small cultures scattered around the world have what social scientists call preferential marriage. In this system, the bride or groom is supposed to marry a particular kind of person-for example, a cousin on the mothers or fathers side of the family. In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other. These customs persist in some places today and are part of the tradition of arranged marriages. For example, in our culture the brides parents may give property (known as a dowry) to the new couple. The practice of giving dowries has been common in countries such as Greece, Egypt, India, and China from ancient times until the present. It was also typical in European societies in the past. Although the giving of dowries has been part of the norms of marriage in these cultures, often only those people with property could afford to give a dowry to the young couple. Families use dowries to attract a son-in-law with desirable qualities, such as a particularly bright man from a poor but respectable family or a man with higher status but with less money than the brides family has. In societies in which the giving of dowries is customary, families with many daughters can become impoverished by the costs of marriage In some societies, the grooms family gives property (known as bridewealth or brideprice) not to the new couple but to the brides relatives. Particularly in places where bridewealth payments are high, the practice tends to maintain the authority of fathers over sons. Because fathers control the resources of the family, sons must keep the favor of their fathers in order to secure the property necessary to obtain a bride. Conventions and Taboos Marriage is part of a societys kinship system, which defines the bonds and linkages between people (see Kinship and Descent). The kinship system also dictates who may or may not marry depending on those bonds. In some cultures people may only marry partners who are members of the same clan-that is, people who trace their ancestry back to a common ancestor. This practice of marrying within ones group is called endogamy. Exogamy, on the other hand, refers to the practice of marrying outside of ones group-for example, marrying outside ones clan or religion.

Dover Beach Essay -- essays research papers

In the poem "Dover Beach",witten in 1867 Matthew Arnold creates the mood of the poem through the usage of different types of imagery. He uses a dramatic plot in the form of a soliloquy. Arnold also uses descriptive adjectives, similes and metaphors to create the mood. Through the use of these literary elements, Arnold portrays the man standing before the window pondering the sound of the pebbles tossing in the waves as representation of human suffering. The man arrives at the vision of humanity being helpless against nature. Arnold creates the mood by suggesting mental pictures, actions, sights and sounds the man sees. Some examples are "folds of a bright girdle furled", "lie before us like a land of dreams" and "moon-blanched land". Arnold's use of different types of imagery and descriptive adjectives to induce sensory impressions of the setting, create the fluctuating mood of the poem, which is the eternal struggle of nature over man. In "Dover Beach", Matthew Arnold uses detailed adjectives and sensory imagery to describe the setting and portray the beginning mood, which begins with the illusion of natural beauty and ends with tragic human experience. The poem begins two-part stanzas, the first which is promising and hopeful; the second replaces optimism with a reality which is grim. Arnold uses contrast when he appeals to the sense of sight in the first section and to hearing in the second. Arnold starts with the descriptions of the "calm sea", "fair tide" and the "vast" cliffs which create a calming, innocent appearance. This sets the mood of peace and contentment which the speaker feels when he gazes out upon the sea. "Come to the window, sweet is the night-air", gives the reader the impression of a cool, summer night. The mood begins to be soothing and calming to the reader. Arnold then however, begins to change the tone. Arnold describes, "The grating ro ar of pebbles, Of the pebbles which the waves draw back", with "a tremulous cadence". This portrays the image of an imaginary battle on the land of Dover. Arnold writes of the horrible sound of the pebbles beating away at the land. The pebbles are eroding the land away, which the speaker thrives off of and adores. Arnold illustrates the man's internal battle with the land destroying his home... ...t". This metaphor ties together how the speaker's battle is very similar to a soldier's battle. The speaker's battle however, is futile to fight, because he knows he will never win. All in all, the fluctuating mood and usage of descriptive adjectives to illustrate the setting, tie the poem together and create the mood Arnold was looking to achieve. The image of the tides battling with the land when they meet, is merged with the consequent destiny of humanity to battle fruitless fights with nature. Arnold's method of illustrating the setting is different than the other two poems because he uses detailed imagery almost completely to reveal the mood of the story. He also uses a fluctuating plot that goes back and forth from human defeat to contentment. Jown Cowper, writer of "Suspended Judgements", critiqued Maupassant on "Dover Beach". Cowper said "Maupassant develops the mood by dividing the poem into three stanza to represent the speaker' s fluctuation from peace of mind to despair. This proves to be very effective, by showing the indecisiveness of the speaker. Maupassant also uses images of the setting to create the mood" (Cowper, 1919, 43).

The Pride of Being a Woman

The Pride of Being a Woman Before WW1 in Canada, women were discriminated against, and were not considered being â€Å"persons. † However during the war while men were off fighting, women were given the opportunity to occupy many jobs, at which they found their sense of independence and pride. After WW1, women realized that they were just as strong as men and deserved to have equal right just as they did. Women decided to fight for their rights, and improve the roles of woman in Canada forever. For example, women moved away from being known as housewives, and joined the work force. Women struggled to be considered equal to men, however through the efforts of the suffrage movement, women earned the right to vote, decreased spousal abuse through prohibition, as well changed the working roles and professions of women. Women fought for the right to vote in order to have their voices and opinions heard, so that they would be regarded as â€Å"persons† and be able to make improvements in Canada. Disenfranchisement became unacceptable to women. From the year 1791 and for the next hundred years, men were the only ones allowed to vote, and hold political office However, this view changed in the midst of the 19th century, when women’s organizations began wanting improvements for the society’s needs and better working conditions for women working in factories. The suffrage movement began in the 1890’s in western Canada where one of the many organizations concerning suffrage was created, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union , which was one of the many organizations and suffrage groups that initiated meetings, presentations, and demonstrations , and also sent petitions to the government concerning the woman’s right to vote. The WCTU was an organization that empowered woman to voice their concerns to the government. In 1911, a woman named Nellie McClung made a difference in speeding up the process of getting women the right to vote by arriving in Winnipeg and who spoke at over 400 public meetings concerning suffrage. McClung was known as the leading suffragette. In 1912, Nellie McClung helped organized an organization that would increase the number of supporters, called the the Political Equity League. Many men, including ones who were politicians, became in favor of granting women the right to vote. In 1916, Manitoba passed a law that would grant women enfranchisement, and was soon followed by other provinces. However, this ight only applied to provincial elections, not federal elections. Finally in 1918, the Women’s Franchise Law allowed women who were over the age of 21 to vote in federal elections. Women had won, for in 1919 women were also granted the right to hold political office in parliament, where in 1921 Agnes Macphail was the first woman to be elected as a federal member. By b eing granted the right to vote, women were able to express their concerns of poverty, social reforms, alcohol abuse, and much more. Nellie McClung was a strong woman who helped empower the suffrage movement in granting woman the right to vote and be considered persons. Without fighting for the right to vote, woman would never have been able to make changes in Canada, as well as the rest of the world. Women believed that the source of their husband’s abuse was alcohol, and to decrease the amount of abuse inflicted upon wives, women began pressuring governments into passing prohibition laws. Women believed that fathers and husbands would spend their pay cheques on alcohol and beer after work, rather than bringing the money home to support their families. Furthermore, when men came home drunk, they had the tendency to beat their wives and children. In order to campaign prohibition, many women joined the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the 1920s that fought for the rights of women. Temperance movements blamed the consumption of alcohol for many of society’s downturns, especially crime and murder By the beginning of the 20th century, women had fought for, and succeeded in having prohibition laws passed in nearly every province. Women and politicians believed that prohibition laws should be enforced because the grain from alcohol could be used to feed people, and money spent on alcohol could be used to feed families. Improvements were made in Canada with the illegalization of the consumption and manufacturing of alcohol; crime rates dropped, arrest for drunkenness decreased, workers took pay cheques homes, and industrial efficiency improved. By women campaigning prohibition in order to have their concerns and opinions heard, they made a difference in Canada by decreasing crime rates, and making people realize what alcohol can do to a person’s behaviour, and how it can endanger others. Before WW1, a woman’s main role was as a housewife, however during the war women joined the labour force and occupied many jobs as secretaries, clerks, and typists that were not conceivable to the public before the war. After the war, women decided that it was time to join the work force, and gain independence. Women viewed themselves as spending their lives taking care of the home, having babies, and obeying their husbands. Nevertheless, women began to move away from this attitude by 1911 where they began focusing on their careers and education. By 1917 there were 35 000 women employed in Ontario and Montreal. Women were paid less than men for completing the same amount of work, as well many women were laid off following the war, yet by the 1920’s women re-established their war time involvement. Women found their sense of independence, and began occupying jobs in the fields of library work, teaching, social work, and clerical. Women began realizing how important the right of having an education was, so women began entering universities and by 1930, 23% of undergraduates and 35% of all graduates were students who were female. The Great Depression showed women many struggles, by launching them back into the domestic service, and having them be laid off more than men. With the help of 21 Women’s organizations, a National Selective Service worked to have women recruited back into the industrial labor force. Governments had troubles recruiting women with children, or married women into the labor force. However, by 1942, 33. 2% of all women were employed in Canada. Women worked hard to have the attitude of being known as housewives changed. By the way women persevered in having an education and finding better employment, they gained respect and independence. They occupied jobs that were initially viewed as being a man’s â€Å"duties†. When women were given the opportunity, they found it within themselves to fight for justice and rights among all women, which ended up changing the future of Canada’s next generations of girls and women alike. Though women struggled to be viewed as equal to men, through the suffrage movement and fighting for the right to vote, prohibition, and getting women into the labor force, women achieved the rights and freedoms that they deserved. In present years, women have the right to vote in elections, and are able to have an education, and occupy a multitude of different professions, such as teachers, secretaries, and doctors. Because of prohibition, women have found the courage to stand up to their abusive husbands. Canada has improved as a country because of women like Nellie McClung, who were not afraid to fright for, and make improvements, and changes in Canada. If women in the 1920s did not fight for these rights and stand up for what they believe in, women in the twenty first century would not have the rights and freedoms that they do now.

A Psychoanalytical Approach to the Awakening

The psychoanalytic approach understands us from the point of view of our unconscious and early childhood experiences. The approach is based on Freud’s belief that that there is a structure of the mind that includes the id, the superego and the ego. The plot of The Awakening, revolves around Edna Pontellier and the awakening of her unconscious sexuality, the need for love and her desire of independence. Edna and her family go to a resort to spend their summer.Edna’s husband, Leonce, adores his wife but considers her to be neglectful as a wife and a mother. â€Å"He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 3, para. 6). At the resort she meets Robert, the owner’s son, and realizes that she can no longer pretend that she is happy with her husband and her children. This unconscious realization is triggered by the sight of the ocean one day. The sight made Edna think of simpler times when she believ ed that she could attain anything.Edna reminisced how about how looking at the ocean reminded her of when she was a teenager and would walk through a meadow that â€Å"seemed as big as the ocean,† (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 7, para. 15). She confided in Madam Ratignolle that â€Å"sometimes I feel this summer as if I were walking through the green meadow again; idly, aimlessly, unthinking and unguided. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 7, para. 20) I believe this was her first unconscious realization that she missed not having the responsibilities of being a wife and a mother.Later in the story, the sea becomes a symbol of empowerment. â€Å"As she swam she seemed to be reaching out for the unlimited in which to lose herself. † (Chopin, 205, Chapter 10, para. 10). It was after learning to swim that Edna began to stand up for herself, such as she did when Leonce demanded that she go into the house that evening and she refused. She recalled that in the past she had always succ umbed to his demands without a thought. This was no longer the case with her. Finally, Edna chose to end her life in the ocean.The thought of not being able to have Robert had pushed her to the edge. She also could not bear the thought of forgetting about Robert in the same way that she had forgotten the gentleman that she had crossed the meadow for so many years ago. As she swam out into the water, she was â€Å"thinking of the blue-grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child, believing that it had no beginning and no end. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 39, para. 28) References Chopin, K. (2005). The Awakening. Vitalsource Digital Version. Raleigh, NC: Hayes Barton Press.